Principles of Chiropractic (POC) Exam 1 Practice

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• Which model states that trigger point generation is a primary mechanism for myofascial pain?
• Which statement best defines nociceptors?
• Which statement best describes joint hypermobility?
• Inflammatory Neurobiologic Models
• DD Palmer hypothesized that causes of subluxation included?
• Opposing surfaces resist separation until a critical point where they separate rapidly, resulting in vapor cavities that do not collapse instantaneously.
• Which theory describes the spine as assuming a position of minimal internal energy when constraints are removed and mechanical equilibrium is achieved?
• Korr coined the term describing gamma motor neuron function as motor to the muscle spindle. What is this term?
• The inflammation hypothesis (Lantz) describes tissue and cellular responses to injury in the spine including histamine, eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, degradative enzymes, and Substance P.
• Who encouraged manipulation to treat spinal irritation two years before Palmer's birth?
• Which term is used to identify mechanical components during examination?
• Who coined the term innate intelligence and believed in the healing power of nature?
• What are the three main categories of effects of the VSC?
• C fibers convey which sensation?
• The synovial membrane and its folds of the facet are variably innervated; which nerve fiber type is most numerous?
• Pain from nerve damage is best described as which type of pain?
• What is the vertebral subluxation complex?
• Which author is associated with meniscoid extrapment?
• Which model is associated with postural muscles and fatigue due to fast-twitch fiber predominance?
• Where did BJ Palmer focus his attention later in his career?
• Degenerative changes such as in osteoarthritis alter what, and can be a source of pain?
• What were BJ Palmer's four criteria for subluxation?
• From Korr's perspective, what happens during an adjustment?
• DD Palmer's first theory was focused on?
• Which statement combines BJ Palmer's upper cervical hypothesis and the Hole in One technique?
• How would a medical provider describe subluxation?
• During acute tissue-level inflammation, which observable is typical?
• In the chiropractic adjustment model, increased mechanoreceptor feedback after adjustment signals the CNS to do what with gamma gain?
• The current view of the neurological (neuropathophysiological) component is characterized by which of the following?
• Which model posits that cortex and brainstem are not involved and reflexes occur locally in the cord?
• Which fibers are responsible for motor commands to muscle spindles?
• Why do meniscoids form?
• Soon after DD Palmer's hypothesis of subluxation, what did he add in?
• Segmental dysfunction can also be referred to as:
• Which phase is characterized by segmental dysfunction and inflammation?
• Can a subluxation be diagnosed by radiographs alone?
• Which statement about gamma gain is true?
• Nociceptors respond to noxious stimuli which are what?
• Acute inflammation - biochemical response includes histamine, cytokines, nitric oxide, and Substance P. Which mediator is described as causing vascular response?
• According to the Dvorak model, muscles with more fast-twitch fibers will what?
• Somato-visceral reflexes had connections between?
• Delta fibers convey which modalities?
• Within 3 years of DD's first theory, the inflammation hypothesis was refined and published as?
• CO Watkins believed that chiros should generate _____ ______ and publish ______ _________.
• Which everyday scenario illustrates nociception?
• Which statement best describes the functional role of meniscoids in the facet joint?
• Who focused on the muscle spindle as the coordinator that sets the tone of the musculature?
• Cord facilitation that remains after initiating stimulus is removed is described as what?
• DD believed muscles, nerves, and bones were key in _______ causing _________, which could be relieved by __________
• Which statement best defines joint dysfunction?
• Stimulation of nociceptors may result in activation of which motor neurons?
• Which of the following is explicitly listed as associated with central sensitization and nociplastic pain?
• Which of the following is not a vascular component to consider in histopathology/biochemistry?
• Meniscoid entrapment is also known as
• Which description did Gillet and Illi give for joint fixation?
• The Meric chart is based on what observation?
• Can a patient with a normal radiograph still need an adjustment?
• Which nerve fiber groups are found in the facet joints?
• Which of the following is listed as a proposed cause of spinal pain and joint dysfunction?
• Segmental dysfunction is recognized by which characteristic?
• Can joint dysfunction be detected on radiographs?
• Persistent pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing activation of peripheral nociceptors, or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing pain is best described as:
• In historical neuropathophysiology, the garden hose theory describes pressure on a nerve due to bone displaced. This is represented by which option?
• Which fiber group is not associated with facet joint innervation?
• Which concept did Modernized Chiropractic challenge?
• The posterior spinal facet joint is best described as which type of joint?
• Who is considered the contemporary father of the nerve compression hypothesis?
• Historically, the neuropathophysiology component described nerve root compression as which concept?
• The medial portion of the facet joint is formed by which structure?
• Which structure within the facet joint can project into the joint space and is described as a fibro-adipose flap up to 5 mm in size?
• Which concept, associated with tension and stress, is said to set the gamma gain too high via gamma motor neurons?
• Gamma fibers are motor to what structure?
• What does tissue damage cause in the Gatterman-Goe Model?
• Which fiber type is associated with touch and pressure?
• What do these docs say about putting a vertebra back into place?
• The early chiropractic model linked subluxation to disease primarily through what mechanism?
• Who coined the term spinal irritation?
• The Minimal Energy Hypothesis consists of which two theories?
• Which model posits that reflexes occur locally in the cord without involvement of cortex or brainstem?
• Spinal manipulative therapy may modify which neural discharge?
• Ia fibers are afferent fibers that primarily carry information from which structure?
• What is the function of meniscoids?
• Nociplastic pain is defined as pain without which of the following?
• Which symptom or condition is associated with a higher incidence of facet tropism according to the material?
• All of these things can be involved in development and subsequent effects of segmental dysfunction:
• Who described chiropractic as the adjustment of vertebrae, claiming spinal adjustments realign the spine and normalize foramina?
• Process whereby pressure variations in a liquid can in a short period of time cause countless small cavities to form/implode.
• Which person defined chiropractic as 'The art and science concerned with the study and treatment of the mechanics, statics and dynamics of the human body, particularly of the vertebral column and pelvis, for the primary purpose of eliminating neuropathological reflexes and their consequences'
• Which is NOT one of the five components of the VSC according to Gatterman?
• In the Dvorak model, postural muscles are characterized by which fiber type and response?
• Inflammation was what according to DD?
• Early chiropractic research on non-musculoskeletal tissues emphasized which component of the autonomic nervous system?
• Group Ib afferents respond to what?
• C fibers transmit which type of pain?
• Within the Gatterman-Goe Model, what happens in the area of local contraction?
• The VSC not limited to bony structures includes pathologic changes in which tissues?
• Which of the following lists the components included in tissue and cellular responses to injury in the spine?
• Pressure applied to trigger spinalis muscle activity was from which segments?
• Which statement about the vertebral subluxation complex is true?
• Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs both increase in activity more to which factor?
• VSC Phase 1 is best described as:
• Which receptors are primarily involved in sensing stretch and tension in skeletal muscle?
• Group Ia afferents respond to what?
• Which tissue change is described as fibrotic and losing elasticity in articular tissue?
• Which option best describes the facet joint's structural description?
• Cord facilitation that remains after joint motion is restored is called what?
• Acute inflammation - cellular level response includes mast cells + platelets release histamine -> contracts capillary cells and open gaps; Leukocytes pass through gaps; Macrophages migrate. Which option describes a cellular-level event?
• Which model posits that tissue damage disrupts small vessels and releases chemical messengers that sensitize nerve endings?
• Which is a potential consequence of joint restriction in mechanical kinesiopathology?
• Gamma gain describes the influence of gamma motor neurons on which physiological parameter?
• Which statement explains why radiographs may not determine the need for adjustment?
• According to the Dvorak model, reflexive changes in muscles depend on which factor?
• Hyperexcitability of the spinalis muscles due to segmental dysfunction was observed on which sides?
• Which model proposes segmental facilitation after the initiating stimulus is removed if it was of sufficient quantity or duration?
• Who revitalized the concept of lack of proper joint motion?
• What does Substance P do?
• What are responsible for an acute lock in the lower back or neck where the patient bends and cannot straighten back up?
• In current chiropractic research, which nervous system component is heavily emphasized regarding non-musculoskeletal tissue involvement?
• Which publication rejected the bone-out-of-place theory?
• Acute inflammation - tissue level response includes redness and swelling, vascular response marked by neutrophils, capillary wall cells contract and allow exudation. Which statement is true about tissue-level response?
• Do not limit the patient to a ______ ______ ______?
• Segmental dysfunction is similar to which chiropractic acronym?
• Which figure is associated with the idea that an organ's function can be deranged if nervous energy or blood supply is deficient?
• In a hypomobile or fixed spinal segment, how is feedback from muscular receptors affected?
• VSC Phase 2 is best described as:
• Which term best describes the concept that vertebral tenderness is linked to organ dysfunction?
• Which scenario is an example of nociception?
• Which statement best summarizes Korr's view on neuromuscular regulation?
• The fibrous capsule of a facet joint is described as having which characteristic?
• Spinal adjustments are proposed to break adhesions and restore motion; this can help by limiting what outcome?
• Facet tropism has a higher incidence in which patients?
• Which structures did Palmer consider central to the mechanism of subluxation?
• Which item is a vascular histopathology/biochemistry component?
• The 'Hole in One' technique originated from which hypothesis?
• Gamma fibers innervate which structure?
• What concept emerged from Palmer's account of his first adjustment?
• Minimal Energy Hypothesis is listed among inflammatory neurobiologic models?
• Formation of meniscoids is a result of what process?
• Which approach focuses on myofascial complaints and involves identifying primary and secondary trigger points with cycles of pressure for 5-7 seconds?
• In the context of the Spinal Learning model, when would spinal adjustments be most effective?
• What is the primary goal of chiropractic adjustment according to Gillet and Illi?
• In acute inflammation, which cells are primarily involved in the initial vascular response?
• Which range of motion is limited in meniscoid patients?
• According to Korr, what kind of adjustments would help lower the gamma gain?
• Who is considered the developer of chiropractic?
• Which option best describes spinal irritation?
• In mechanical (kinesiopathology) joint restriction, which of the following best describes the primary motion change?
• Korr's reflex primary focus area was looking at an area with what?
• Who was the primary advocate of applying the scientific method to chiropractic research, practice and education?
• Which model proposes that the SCF creates both mechanical and chemical stimulation to activate nociceptors and ascending spinal tract activity?
• With chronic nociception over time, we may find that the area becomes which of the following?
• Who is considered the founder of chiropractic?
• Which fiber type is primarily responsible for somatic motor control and proprioception?
• What does the Meric chart map?
• Which pain mechanism is characterized by continuous tissue damage or inflammation?
• Which trio published Modernized Chiropractic?
• What is the scope for chiropractors regarding joint dysfunction affecting non-MSK tissues?
• How do we get segmental dysfunction?
• Which cellular event is associated with chronic inflammation according to the material?
• VSC Phase 3 is best described as:
• Which condition is commonly associated with central sensitization and nociplastic pain?
• Which item is not listed as involved in the development and effects of segmental dysfunction?
• In Nimmo's trigger point therapy, how long are the pressure cycles typically held on a trigger point?
• Which inflammatory neurobiologic model name is included along with Dvorak, Nimmo and Minimal Energy Hypothesis?
• What is the effect of adjusting on the muscular component in relation to muscular receptors?
• CO Watkins believed public relations should be what?
• Korr research focused on what kind of reflexes?
• Which mechanism describes how spinal lesions can affect nociceptive signaling via segmental processes?
• What best describes a subluxation?
• __________ _________ was used to defend chiropractors arrested for practicing medicine without a license.
• Which term best describes the historical idea that vertebral tenderness relates to organ disease?
• What may occur when a meniscoid is trapped in the joint space?
• Which two theories form the Minimal Energy Hypothesis?
• Substance P is described as which type of mechanism?
• Which statement correctly maps the sequence of VSC phases?
• Who proposed that 1 kilogram of pressure on the spinous process could cause hyperexcitability of the spinalis muscles?
• Which statement describes a pain threshold change mentioned in relation to segmental dysfunction?
• Together, the muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs regulate which aspects of muscle function?
• Ib fibers are afferents that carry information from which proprioceptive organ?
• Which component is listed as involved in the development and effects of segmental dysfunction?
• Nociceptors include which fiber groups?
• Stroke presenting as worst headache ever is an example of which type of concern?
• Which figure is associated with the nerve compression hypothesis?
• Which fiber type is primarily associated with touch and pressure sensations?
• In the Gatterman-Goe Model, a trigger point is the initiator of which phenomenon?
• The term segmental facilitation describes what phenomenon?
• In the Gatterman-Goe Model, a trigger point generated by trauma or posture initiates which phenomenon?
• Which description best characterizes nociceptors?
• What is the key to the VSC? What all does it incorporate?
• Chronic pain leading toward altered nociceptive function is most closely associated with which mechanism?
• Flap of fibro-adipose tissue within the synovium projecting into joint space as much as 5mm is called:
• Which statement best describes clinical joint instability in mechanical kinesiopathology?
• What is the maximum projection distance described for the fibro-adipose synovial flap into the joint space?
• Which afferent groups provide the primary proprioceptive input from muscle?
• Chronic nociception is associated with which phenomena?
• Which condition is listed as associated with central sensitization and nociplastic pain?
• Which mediator is primarily a vasodilator in inflammation?
• Facet tropism is common in which region?
• Which statement best lists BJ Palmer's four criteria for subluxation?
• In Palmer's philosophy, what does innate intelligence refer to?
• Who published 'Modernized Chiropractic' – a text that rejected the bone out of place theory?
• Which term is used to describe misalignment when it is assumed to cause nerve pressure and disease in early chiropractic theory?
• According to DD Palmer, what was the primary purpose of spinal adjustments?
• Which of the following is a vascular sign considered in histopathology/biochemistry?
• Which model is also known as Spinal Learning?
• Which researchers are associated with Bergmann and Peterson?
• Which vascular pathology would most commonly contraindicate chiropractic care due to vascular concerns?
• DD manipulated any displaced anatomy to prevent or relieve friction which was thought to do what?
• What are the five components of the VSC according to Gatterman?
• Which practice is central to the early chiropractic description of spinal care?